Bank shares slid 1.4% on Wednesday compared with a 0.4% fall in the broader market.
The central bank surprised the financial sector this week by halting all of its existing loan-restructuring mechanisms with immediate effect, and rolling out new rules that will push more debt defaulters into bankruptcy courts.
To force its point home, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) set strict timelines for lenders to take action against defaulters, threatening penalties if banks failed to act in a timely manner.
Soured loans, which include non-performing, restructured or rolled-over loans, reached a record high of Rs. 9.5 lakh crore ($148 billion) in the middle of last year before dipping slightly and prompting some relief among bankers that the worst was over. State-run lenders account for the bulk of these loans.
The country’s bad loans have nearly doubled in the past four years following an economic slowdown and years of profligate lending – the combination has choked new lending and dragged on the economy.
Analysts say the actual level of bad loans is higher than the official figures suggest, pointing to central bank audits of banks, including State Bank of India, that showed non-performing loans were higher than reported for the financial year ended March 2017. Banks have also been blamed for perpetually renewing loans on soured assets.
Most of the loan-restructuring schemes that the central bank is withdrawing have seen little success. Analysts say banks will soon have to declare the loans in those schemes as non-performing loans, which will trigger the timeline for banks to take debtors to court.
That means the banking sector will have to recognise the new status of the loans and make provisions for them, said Rajkiran Rai, chief executive at state-run Union Bank of India.
“When you look at the short term, yes, we will have issues with the existing accounts,” Rai said.
Longer term, the RBI’s measure will benefit banks, he said.
Indeed, the new rules would bring discipline to the banking sector, although provisioning costs will shoot up as more borrowers are taken to court, said R. Subramaniakumar, chief executive at Indian Overseas Bank, a state-run lender with the second-highest bad loan ratio among all banks.
“Of course it’s going to put pressure on bank’s balance sheets,” he said, adding capital injections announced by the government will help cushion the impact.
The RBI’s decision to force more struggling borrowers into bankruptcy proceedings was its latest move to try to clean up the bad loans mess.
Last year, it ordered about 40 of the country’s largest debt defaulters into bankruptcy courts, demanding creditors put aside at least 50 per cent of loan amounts in provisioning.
Under the new process, the RBI requires banks to figure out plans to resolve debts of defaulters with Rs. 2,000 crore ($311 million) or more in outstanding debt by September 1, or take them to bankruptcy court.
Since 50 per cent provisioning will be required for these bankruptcy cases as well, the total funds that banks will have to set aside will shoot up, pressuring profits, analysts said.
Moody’s Indian affiliate ICRA estimates the criteria would net 50 defaulting companies with combined outstanding debt of Rs. 2.46 lakh crore ($38 billion), so banks’ credit provisions will spike.
Analyst Udit Kariwala from India Ratings and Research, the local affiliate of Fitch, said banks’ non-performing loans and provisions will shoot up in coming months, said .
Rajeev Kumar, the top government bureaucrat overseeing the banking sector, said the new rules will impact 2-3 per cent of banks’ loan books, while provisions could rise a “little”, financial news service NewsRise reported.
